Defining Re-Commerce
Fashion retail is being reshaped not only by e-commerce, but also by “re-commerce”—consumers buying and selling pre-owned apparel online. The fashion resale trend is one of a number of innovative forces impacting apparel retailing, which we are covering across our On-Trend series of reports.
Online marketplaces have made it much easier for consumers to buy and sell secondhand clothing, footwear and accessories. Luxury goods are especially popular in the re-commerce channel, as their higher prices give consumers greater incentives to buy and resell them. Re-commerce companies have adopted a variety of different business models, including direct repurchase, consignment sales and facilitating peer-to-peer sales.
Online resale companies provide sellers with augmented services such as photographing, pricing and posting inventory information online. Sellers are paid for merchandise either up front or on consignment, which means that the seller is only paid once the merchandise is sold.
Peer-to-peer marketplace platforms facilitate the matching of inventory sellers and buyers and charge a commission on each sale. In a peer-to-peer model, buyers and sellers connect with each other directly, the way they do on eBay.
An Evolving Sector
The marketplace for fashion re-commerce continues to evolve rapidly. Following an initial wave of online fashion resale startups, weaker players have gone out of business and stronger players have grown and attracted more investment funding to propel further growth.
It is difficult to arrive at an accurate market size for this sector, since all the companies currently operating in it are private and do not disclose sales figures. However, one of the major resale players, ThredUP, has estimated that the US apparel resale market will grow at a 6% CAGR over 10 years, from $14 billion in 2015 to $25 billion in 2025.
Besides ThredUP, other major companies in the online re-commerce space in the US, the UK and Europe include Poshmark, Tradesy, The RealReal and Vestiaire Collective. We published our first deep-dive report on the online resale and consignment market in January 2016. That report profiled all five of these major re-commerce companies and their business models. Readers can find that report at bit.ly/FashionResale.
In this update, we discuss the continuing evolution and growth of the apparel re-commerce segment. We analyze market characteristics and the main players, and discuss five factors that are likely to boost the fashion re-commerce sector. Finally, we profile two new, niche-focused resale platforms, Depop and Stadium Goods.
Since 2009, investors have poured more than half a billion dollars in venture funding into apparel resale companies, and re-commerce remains popular at mass market, middle market and luxury price points. According to FashInvest, a fashion investment community, investors invested more than $175 million in the online reselling industry in 2016.
Despite continued investor funding interest, there is room for only one or two players in each subsector of the apparel resale market, as fashion re-commerce websites have to compete fiercely for both inventory and customers in order to benefit from economies of scale and achieve adequate profitability margins.
US-based ThredUP and Poshmark lead in the low-to-mid-price online resale segment.
ThredUP
ThredUP is the most mainstream and well-known online fashion reseller, and it claims to have been the first to enter the industry.
Poshmark
Poshmark has 1.5 million sellers that offer 4 million items daily. Shoppers on the Poshmark app spend an estimated 25 minutes daily on it and open it seven to eight times each day. According to Poshmark, one in every 50 US women sells secondhand clothing via its marketplace.
The three main players in the premium and luxury secondhand fashion resale marketplace are The RealReal and Tradesy (both based in the US) and Vestiaire Collective (based in France). These three companies are profiled in more depth in our first resale report, at bit.ly/FashionResale.
The RealReal
The RealReal has 5 million members worldwide and is estimated to have doubled its gross merchandise value (GMV) year over year in 2016:
Tradesy
Vestiaire Collective
We see five key factors conspiring to boost the fashion re-commerce sector.
1. There is room for global expansion:
2. Full-price brand momentum stimulates demand in the resale market and has a significant impact on the resale value of branded products:
3. Consumers see certain luxury products as investments, which supports the high-end resale segment:
4. Inventory supply and demand see seasonal increases:
5. Millennial market penetration is likely to increase:
As re-commerce has evolved, social-media-type, peer-to-peer fashion resale marketplace apps have emerged, enhancing the online resale marketplace for customers to trade items. Meanwhile, opportunities remain for resale marketplaces serving niche categories, such as sneaker resales, or targeting specific demographic groups. Depop is a company that combines each of these elements.
Depop is a UK secondhand fashion app that was introduced in 2012. The app has about 5 million users, lists more than 1.5 million items monthly and sells more than 500,000 items monthly. The company raised $8 million in 2015.
Depop has been described as a cross between eBay and Instagram. The app is geared to teenagers and young adults. It is designed to look and function like a social media site rather than as an online store. Users can “like” and follow other users, rate their customer experience, send messages in order to bargain over the price of an item and leave comments about items that others list for sale. The app is easy to use and pictures often show clothing for sale modeled by the sellers themselves. Depop has no listing fees for new sellers and does not charge a sales commission.
The company says that teenagers are now buying merchandise at markets and used-clothing stores and reselling it on Depop and other fashion resale apps. According to the founder of Depop, one 14-year-old girl saw a necklace on eBay that she believed was priced too low. She took a screenshot and posted an advertisement for the same necklace, at a higher price, on Depop. When someone bid for the necklace on Depop, she bought the necklace on eBay and arranged for it to be sent to the Depop purchaser.
Another growing subsection of the digital resale market is branded streetwear merchandise. The category includes baseball caps, hooded sweatshirts and sneakers; rare and limited-edition sports sneakers associated with certain athletes are especially popular.
New York–based Stadium Goods is an online reseller of rare sneakers, offering more than 15,000 pairs through its website. The company was founded in late 2015 and raised $4.6 million in its first financing round. Stadium Goods has partnerships with eBay and Tmall Global, which is an extension of Alibaba’s Tmall.com business.